Defiance seems like a rite of passage for teens, much to the disappointment of their families. Even though most parents have to address defiance at some point during their child’sadolescence, many are not confident in their ability or methods of doing so.

“When we think about defiance, we’re really thinking about noncompliance or actively going against the expectations set in that situation,” explains Morgan Eldridge, PhD, a clinical psychologist at the Child Mind Institute. Defiance may look like being argumentative, stubborn, or impatient.

There is a spectrum of defiant behavior — from frustrating behaviors to risk-taking ones. Heather Bernstein, PsyD, a psychologist at the Child Mind Institute, says that these behaviors tend to occur around curfews, homework time, or when screen time is limited.

Parents often lose confidence in their parenting styles when children become teenagers because suddenly what used to work, doesn’t, notes Dr. Eldridge. And when parents are frustrated by a defiant teen they sometimes rely too heavily on punishments, and even shame. “Ultimately that doesn’t lead to long-term progress for the kid.”

Dr. Bernstein notes that it’s hard to respond to defiance without being emotional yourself. Parents may inflict harsh punishment when they see the behavior as an affront. “A parent may think this is an attack against them,” she explains, “and then they respond from a place of retaliation for their hurt.”

Punishment vs. positive reinforcement

Reacting emotionally can backfire when the relationship becomes negative, says Dr. Bernstein: “If the interactions between the kid and their parents are largely negative, that makes it more likely that kids are going to be non-compliant and engaged in defiance. Because they’re not motivated by the relationship.” Instead of focusing too heavily on punishing bad behaviors, she recommends that parents use positive practices as much as possible.

Good behavior can be motivated by rewards, Dr. Bernstein notes, especially having more freedom to do things like go out with friends. And they also respond to appeals to what therapists call “labeled praise,” such as “Thank you so much for coming home on time,” she says.

When rules are broken and consequences are called for, Dr. Bernstein says, it’s important that they match the thing the teen did wrong. For instance, if a teen doesn’t keep their curfew or isn’t where they said they’d be, their parents may track their location for a while, until trust is restored.

“They’re going to have to earn back that trust, so they might need to check in with the parent more frequently,” Dr. Bernstein explains. “It’s about tying the consequence to the concerning behavior.” Rebuilding trust takes time, but it’s crucial for the parent-child relationship.

Understanding where defiance comes from

Even with positive reinforcement, some parents may still struggle to manage their teens’ behavior. One mom, Jess Walsh, is at a crossroads in her parenting. She has three children, ages 11, 14, and 18. After a tough divorce, her 14-year-old son Matthew took her husband’s leaving harder than the other children.

He began to refuse housework, since he considered it “a girl’s job.” In his own way of becoming the man of the house, he started mimicking his father. He requires more time and energy, and keeping him safe consumes a lot of Walsh’s time. “Sometimes I fear that he’ll get physical,” she says.

In a case like this one, Dr. Bernstein says, getting to the bottom of the defiance is important and can often curb risky behavior. “A parent that is relying heavily on punishment is probably not addressing what that kid is really going through,” she says. “It’s going to strain the relationship and then the kid is going to feel hopeless.”

Even with positive reinforcement, some parents may still struggle to manage their teens’ behavior. One mom, Jess Walsh, is at a crossroads in her parenting. She has three children, ages 11, 14, and 18. After a tough divorce, her 14-year-old son Matthew took her husband’s leaving harder than the other children.

He began to refuse housework, since he considered it “a girl’s job.” In his own way of becoming the man of the house, he started mimicking his father. He requires more time and energy, and keeping him safe consumes a lot of Walsh’s time. “Sometimes I fear that he’ll get physical,” she says.

In a case like this one, Dr. Bernstein says, getting to the bottom of the defiance is important and can often curb risky behavior. “A parent that is relying heavily on punishment is probably not addressing what that kid is really going through,” she says. “It’s going to strain the relationship and then the kid is going to feel hopeless.”

Here are behaviors that parents should look out for:

• Getting into fights and bullying others
• Decreased academic performance
• Substance use
• Withdrawing from friend groups and activities

“If behaviors get in the way of mental and physical health,” Dr. Eldridge explains, “it puts kids at risk for long-term challenges.” When behavior is troublesome, disruptive, and/or unsafe, Dr. Eldridge recommends parents turn to mental health services, which could include a parent training program. “Parent management training is going to be really important because ultimately, improving the parent-child relationship is a big priority.”

The goal, aside from safety, is to build trust between the parents and child. “Improving that relationship is huge,” says Dr. Eldridge, “and it helps kids to be honest and know they can come to you.”